Erigon

trace debug evm erigon

Author

Published January 21, 2026 at 07:48 AM UTC

Total transactions analyzed: 500
erigon successful traces: 500 (100%)

This report documents differences in debug_traceTransaction output from erigon compared to the majority behavior of other clients (besu, geth, nethermind, reth).

Missing Keys

erigon omits these keys that other clients include:

`storage` (463,907 occurrences)

Opcode	Count
PUSH1	52,711
PUSH2	43,254
POP	32,613
JUMPDEST	28,478
SWAP1	24,708
DUP2	21,551
ADD	18,977
JUMPI	17,880
MLOAD	16,535
DUP3	16,257
JUMP	15,519
DUP1	15,215
MSTORE	14,375
ISZERO	13,769
AND	13,172

`returnData` (385,340 occurrences)

Opcode	Count
PUSH2	41,005
PUSH1	38,349
POP	28,335
JUMPDEST	24,199
DUP2	19,470
SWAP1	18,588
ADD	18,379
JUMPI	16,923
MLOAD	15,668
DUP3	13,714
JUMP	13,567
DUP1	12,977
MSTORE	11,234
ISZERO	11,177
SWAP2	9,529

`reason` (11 occurrences)

Opcode	Count
REVERT	11

Extra Keys (Present When Others Omit)

erigon includes these keys that other clients omit:

`refund` (763,508 occurrences)

Opcode	Count
PUSH1	83,102
PUSH2	77,946
JUMPDEST	48,460
POP	44,501
JUMPI	38,709
SWAP1	36,813
DUP2	33,659
DUP1	31,262
ADD	30,505
JUMP	26,377
DUP3	22,811
MSTORE	21,059
ISZERO	21,033
MLOAD	20,467
AND	18,759

`memory` (8,615 occurrences)

Opcode	Count
PUSH1	4,538
MSTORE	2,017
DUP1	240
PUSH2	212
JUMPI	160
CALLDATALOAD	119
JUMPDEST	105
DUP2	88
PUSH0	87
SHR	83
ADD	76
EQ	69
CALLDATACOPY	59
PUSH20	53
PUSH4	52

`storage` (6,438 occurrences)

Opcode	Count
SLOAD	6,267
SSTORE	171

Format Quirks (Not Bugs)

These are formatting differences that don't affect trace correctness:

returnValue Encoding

How empty return values are represented. These are semantically equivalent.

Format	Count
`empty_as_0x`	424
`with_0x`	74

Example 1 (block 24281427, tx 0xbe3839523703cc914573c2a304367bff26fd6d08738389fc8d2bf857cdf3391c):

Client	Value
besu	`(empty)`
erigon	`0x`
geth	`0x`
nethermind	`0x`
reth	`0x`

Example 2 (block 24281427, tx 0x584b891391ad58c565ea1bc9933b2f9b098e34d693ac8d77c465ba951ac2373a):

Client	Value
besu	`00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
erigon	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
geth	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
nethermind	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
reth	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`

Example 3 (block 24281427, tx 0x223536b6f7dd0dad73bcba405dfa2fde23888773d98e284086e650013b239bfa):

Client	Value
besu	`00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
erigon	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
geth	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
nethermind	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`
reth	`0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...`

Memory Format

How memory words are formatted in structLogs.

Format	Count
`64char_no_prefix`	212

Example 1 (block 24281427, tx 0x584b891391ad58c565ea1bc9933b2f9b098e34d693ac8d77c465ba951ac2373a):

Client	Value
besu	`0x0`
erigon	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
geth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
nethermind	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
reth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`

Example 2 (block 24281427, tx 0x223536b6f7dd0dad73bcba405dfa2fde23888773d98e284086e650013b239bfa):

Client	Value
besu	`0x0`
erigon	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
geth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
nethermind	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
reth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`

Example 3 (block 24281427, tx 0x3ca0e49a00a58f59250ac5908be6516d6a98fe4dc5f8647060c2b937afff2513):

Client	Value
besu	`0x0`
erigon	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
geth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
nethermind	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
reth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`

Storage Format

How storage keys and values are formatted. Clients differ in zero-padding.

Aspect	Style	Count
Keys	64-char padded (e.g., `0000...0000`)	199
Values	64-char padded	199

Example 1 (block 24281427, tx 0x584b891391ad58c565ea1bc9933b2f9b098e34d693ac8d77c465ba951ac2373a):

Client	Key	Value
besu	`ef7498a2a84dafd941a59743b477cd1cfda22d923c58854eac2728d8ec554431`	`0`
erigon	`ef7498a2a84dafd941a59743b477cd1cfda22d923c58854eac2728d8ec554431`	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
geth	`ef7498a2a84dafd941a59743b477cd1cfda22d923c58854eac2728d8ec554431`	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`
reth	`ef7498a2a84dafd941a59743b477cd1cfda22d923c58854eac2728d8ec554431`	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`

Example 2 (block 24281427, tx 0x223536b6f7dd0dad73bcba405dfa2fde23888773d98e284086e650013b239bfa):

Client	Key	Value
besu	`6d18c230d386c5b3168af2f8cee4ff8e42e8df554070485ae9d29e162b64ff96`	`963081`
erigon	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001`	`0000000000000000000000004914f61d25e5c567143774b76edbf4d5109a8566`
geth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001`	`0000000000000000000000004914f61d25e5c567143774b76edbf4d5109a8566`
reth	`6d18c230d386c5b3168af2f8cee4ff8e42e8df554070485ae9d29e162b64ff96`	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000963081`

Example 3 (block 24281427, tx 0x3ca0e49a00a58f59250ac5908be6516d6a98fe4dc5f8647060c2b937afff2513):

Client	Key	Value
besu	`65e825459894c28caa3bf45c046bcb806478983a744f47c04782164e994daae2`	`11b333bba0493`
erigon	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`	`000000000000000000000000c6cde7c39eb2f0f0095f41570af89efc2c1ea828`
geth	`0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`	`000000000000000000000000c6cde7c39eb2f0f0095f41570af89efc2c1ea828`
reth	`65e825459894c28caa3bf45c046bcb806478983a744f47c04782164e994daae2`	`00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011b333bba0493`